Trust, Ethical, and Learning Impact of Artificial Intelligence Feedback in English Education

Central Role of Trust: Trust is strongly linked to learner engagement with AI-generated feedback (AI-GF) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education.
Ethical Concerns: Ethical issues significantly reduce trust, which in turn diminishes learner engagement and perceived usefulness of AI-GF.
Engagement as a Critical Factor: Learner engagement serves as the primary mechanism affecting the perceived usefulness and readiness for future learning associated with AI-GF.
Insufficiency of Clarity Alone: While clarity is necessary for understanding feedback, it alone is not enough to facilitate meaningful learning outcomes.
Pedagogical Implications: Ethical transparency, trust-building practices, and structured learner guidance are highlighted as essential for maximizing the educational impact of AI-GF in language learning contexts.
Integration of Trust and Ethics: The study extends existing models by incorporating trust and ethical considerations as foundational to learner engagement in AI-GF.
Survey Data Usage: Survey data from 255 university-level EFL learners were utilized to explore the relationships among the variables via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM).
Importance of Learner Experience: Differences in learners’ prior experience with artificial intelligence and academic maturity were considered to capture variations in engagement patterns.

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